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Book 9 · Scientific writing, visualisation and public communication · Rung 1Book 9
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Obesity Expertise · Book 9

Scientific writing, visualisation and public communicationRung 1 · Introductory

Writing a paper as an argument, and drawing a figure that tells the truth

Dr. Harsh Maheshwari · Version 1.0 · updated 3 October 2026 · CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

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Why this book

Most researchers learn to write by copying the papers they read, and those papers are an uneven model. This book treats a paper as an argument made to a reader with little time, and a figure as a claim that has to be true to its numbers. It teaches the sentence and the paragraph as the units of clarity, the number written with its unit and its count, and the plot with honest axes and nothing on it that does no work. The test it sets is simple to state: a colleague reads your draft once and can tell you your argument.

How to read it

Read Book 0 first, or at least the sections this book names as it goes. Then read this one in order: the paper first, then the sentence and the paragraph, then the figure. The book asks you to build one thing: one section of a manuscript or thesis, rewritten so that each paragraph carries one idea, and shown to a reader. Choose the section before you start, work on it as you read, and draw one figure for it when you reach the figures.

Before you start

Book 0, in particular decimals and rounding (A3), percentages (A4), ratios (A5), units (B1), graphs (C5), average and spread (D5), reading a table and a figure (F1, F2) and the shape of an argument (F4). The mathematics is arithmetic with a calculator: percentages, ratios, and putting counts into a formula stated in words. No algebra beyond that, and no statistics beyond a mean and a standard deviation. You need a piece of your own writing to work on, such as a thesis chapter or a manuscript section, and any program that draws a chart; a spreadsheet will do if you are prepared to change nearly all of its defaults.

1 What a research paper is: its parts and what each part is for

2 A paper is an argument, not a report of activities

3 The one message: your argument in one or two sentences, written first

4 The argument across sections: from the gap to the answer and its limits

5 Citing and referencing: the original source, in the order cited, in one format

6 The parts of a sentence a writer works with

7 The sentence as the unit of clarity

8 Words: the everyday word, one term for one thing, abbreviations that cost the reader

9 Numbers in a sentence: the unit, the count behind the percentage, and no more digits than the data hold

10 One idea per paragraph: the topic sentence, its support, and the reverse outline

11 Measuring a draft: words per sentence, a readability score, and what they cannot show

12 Cutting: deleting the words, sentences and paragraphs that do no work

13 Showing a draft to a reader: the one-pass test

14 A figure makes one claim

15 Choosing the mark: what the eye reads accurately, and the shape of the data

16 Show the data: when a bar of means hides what the points would show

17 Honest axes: where an axis starts, what range it shows, and measuring the distortion

18 Decoration that does no work

19 Colour: for meaning only, readable by everyone, and in grey

20 Words on a figure: axis titles with units, direct labels, and a caption that stands alone

21 Making a table that stands alone

22 Making the plot: from a table of numbers to a finished figure

23 Worked journey: One finding, from the fact sheet to a paragraph a colleague can restate

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